Prenatal Alcohol Exposure And Childhood Behavior At Age 6

Ashley Avalos. PSY 230 – Fall 2016–PAPER ASSIGNMENT, REVIEW OF ARTICLE #1 Article. Sood, B. Delaney-Black, V. (2001). Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Childhood Behavior at Age 6 to 7 Years: I. Dose- Response Effect. Research Question. The main research question proposed in this study: 1) does alcohol affect children prenatally. The hypothesis that researchers draw is if there are adverse effects of children who were exposed to a low dosage of alcohol at the age of 6 to 7 years of age. This study wanted to find the amount of alcohol it would take for children to exhibit problem behaviors. Sample. The focus of this study were primarily black females within the Detroit University hospital. There is an uneven balance between racial groups because 90% of woman who go to this hospital are black. Participants had been screened during their pregnancy for alcohol, cocaine, tobacco, and other drugs that they could have used during this time. Also, time frame at which participants had to have given birth was between September 1, 1989, and August 31, 1991. Follow ups were intensively sought after by phone, mailing address, or if necessary, directly to the front door of the participant. There was no respo nse rate clearly stated. During the final study conducted, of the 664 participants, 94% of them agreed to be in the study. Additionally, participants who had missed previous testing appointments, had congenital malformations other than fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) were excludedShow MoreRelatedCause And Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthe early twenties 40-60%) (National Institute of Justice, 2014). Offenders that were severely delinquent and violent during early youth (below age twelve) posed a higher probability of continuity of offending into the adult phase, in which a Pittsburgh Youth Study notes that 52-57% of juvenile delinquents maintain continuity of offending up to 25 years of age (National Institute of Justice, 2014). The continuity of offending varied according to the offense, in which selling drugs (17.0) and weaponsRead MoreWhat Individual Factors Have Been Found to Be Related to Criminal Behavior and How Are These Factors Thought to Be Related to Engaging in Crime?926 Words   |  4 PagesWhat individual factors have been found to be related to criminal behavior and how are these factors thought to be related to engaging in crime? Russell Davis Specific biological factors have been identified which influence an individual’s propensity to engage in criminal behavior. Fetal development can be altered by the mother’s ingestion of harmful substances such as nicotine, alcohol, and narcotic drugs during pregnancy (Wright et al., 2008), and can result in organRead MoreEnvironmental Factors That Affect Intelligence995 Words   |  4 Pagesother experts believe that intelligence is a complex result of environmental factors combined, and can not be affected in the early childhood. This essay will argue that environmental factors can affect intelligence because of the influence of prenatal factors, nutrition, and education. One reason that intelligence can be influenced by environmental factors is the prenatal factor. The negative effects on negative intake will change the body condition, especially in the pregnancy stage. Overusing drugsRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1437 Words   |  6 Pagesnumeric age categories (Annenberg Foundation, 2015). From a leisure perspective, five lifespan stages are considered (Godbey, 2008). These lifespan perspectives exclude the prenatal stage. From an overall human development viewpoint, I think it is important to include the prenatal stage and I would break the lifespan down into the same eight stages identified by Rathus (2014). In Rathus’ (2014) text, eight lifespan stages are identified; prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescenceRead MoreThemes Of Development : Prenatal6705 Words   |  27 Pages Week One: Themes in Development: Prenatal Physical: Physical development of the human begins at conception when the egg is fertilized by the sperm. Once the ovum is fertilized, the process of mitosis begins, allowing the cells to split and form the human being. Through this process, each parent contributes 23 chromosomes, which are present in every cell of our bodies, and are made up of DNA and genes (Broderick Blewitt, 2015). The genes that we inherit from our parents determine our physicalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesneurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, as well as behaviors (e.g. movements, interests and activities) that are restricted and repetitive1,2. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which was updated in 2013 (DSM-V), is used in the United States to diagnose ASD. DSM-V converts previously separate diagnoses (autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental diso rder – not otherwise specified, and AspergerRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1984 Words   |  8 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are identified as a category of birth disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. These can include physical or intellectual anomalies, such as cardiac, skeletal, visual, aural, and fine or gross motor problems. (Callanan, 2013) Prevention would involve alcohol use prevention programs for women who are pregnant, and treatment for FAS and FASD would be aimed at helping those affected realize their full potential through bothRead MoreThe Seriousness of Emotional Deprivation1225 Words   |  5 Pagesif necessary. Child abuse is the mistreatment of a child in any way and it can take on many forms such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse. This subject may include young kids from the ages of 4 through 12 and teens from ages 13 to 17. Any attitude or behavior which interferes with a child’s mental health or social development may be looked upon as emotional abuse. This includes yelling, screaming, negative comparisons to others, telling them they are no good, worthless†Read MoreThe Legalization Of Drug Legalization1310 Words   |  6 Pagesand the prison system would not be overwhelmed with a problem they cannot defeat. The decriminalization of drugs will only make illegal drugs cheaper, easier to get and more acceptable to use. â€Å"The U.S. has 20 million alcoholics and alcohol misusers, but only around 6 million illegal drug addicts. If illegal drugs were easier to obtain, this figure would rise†(Should Drugs be decriminalized? No.November 09, 2007 Califano Joseph A, Jr).† A large number of prisoners and people in rehab homesRead MoreContinuity Vs. Social Development1570 Words   |  7 Pages1) Continuity versus discontinuity: The first debate on whether our development is completely and evenly continuous, or if it is just based on age periods.â€Å"Continuity is the gradual increase in responses and behaviors.† For example, the heights, as well as the weight, show the continuity.† Discontinuity is the occurrence of development in distinct stages. For example, the change of goals during the life duration. 2) Stability versus change: The second debate asks whether our personality traits being

The History Of Veterans Day - 1150 Words

The History of Veterans Day Every year on November 11 we honor and remember all U.S. veterans who fought for our country and freedom. We express our gratitude, and reflect on the sacrifices that were made from all the men and women throughout history. Veterans Day has been an annual holiday since 1938, and originated on November 11, 1919 after WWI (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2015). Veterans Day is not just like any other American holiday. It expresses our thanks, as American citizens, to all of those that came and fought before us to keep the United States a free country. Veterans Day has evolved over the years from being a day to honor the veterans of World War I, to becoming a staple in the American calendar so that citizens†¦show more content†¦President Wilson knew it was no longer feasible to remain neutral and on April 2, 1917, he appeared before congress and requested a declaration of war (History.com, 2010). On June 26, the first 14,000 U.S infantry troops landed in France and began tr aining for combat. A stalemate lasted for several years on the western front; this was mainly due to the weaponry used during the war. Miles of trenches were dug into the ground and supported by machine guns; many deaths occurred in order for either side to advance. There were a staggering total of 320,518 American casualties during the time span of the war (History.com, 2010). World War I formally ended on June 28, 1919 when the treaty of Versailles was signed in the Palace of Versailles in France (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2015). Even though this was the official ending of the â€Å"Great War,† fighting had come to a halt seven months earlier with an armistice, or temporary agreement to cease fighting (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2015). This armistice took place on the eleventh hour, of the eleventh day, of the eleventh month (U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2015). This has been known as â€Å"the war to end all wars.† On November 11, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson declared this day as the first commemoration of â€Å"Armistice Day† (Wilson, 1919). He expressed the importance of this day through these words: To us in America, the reflections of armistice Day

Female Nursing Students in the Operating Room free essay sample

Clinical competency is the ability of an individual to use his knowledge effectively in doing something. Clinical competence can be perceived as a way of demonstration on which learner attempts to perform the skill with cues from the teacher as needed. This competency is necessary in nursing profession (Bastable, 2004). Mimi (2006), pointed out that nursing profession is a tedious job on which primary goal is to render health care services towards patient. Its practice is the actual provision of nursing care through nursing care plan that is encompassed in nursing process. With all of this process, nursing sectors exemplifies by education, administration and service, collaborating with each other just to uplift the standard for safe and quality nursing care. In fact, Chung (2009) affirmed that, nursing students are required to participate in clinical education, training and assessment in order to ensure that they can apply their knowledge in a competent manner for the care of their patients. He also agreed that although the study of medicine, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and clinical research is important for the practice of becoming a nurse, nursing students must also acquire the skills necessary to achieve competency. Clinical performance of nursing student is measured through observation and feedback during clinical rotations they are also assessed using stimulated scenarios with patients in a fair and objective way. Moreover, clinical performance of nursing students can be assessed and compared objectively through assessing their cognitive skills, psychomotor skills and their effectiveness. (Adah 2009) Truly that, to better attest the student’s learning in regards with these certain topics, they are allow to apply their knowledge into practice, however, assurance is not well imposed – for insufficiency in acquired insights has been empirically observed through passing years. According to Ashby (2009), an estimated of 56. % of those students who commits mistake in their respective clinical areas were attributed to medication calculation. They admitted that not all information were reflected well in nursing curriculum, there were times when a student must explore within himself some of the pertinent information to aid in developing critical thinking that can possibly use during difficulties related with patient care. Statement of the Problem The main objective of the study was to determine the clinical performance of NCM 105 students particularly in the Operating Room. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following: 1. What is the clinical performance of NCM 105 male nursing students in the operating room? 2. What is the clinical performance of NCM 105 female nursing students in the operating room? 3. Is there any significant difference between the male and female NCM 105 students in terms of their clinical performance? Hypothesis There is no significant difference between the male and female NCM 105 students in terms of their clinical performance. This segment consists of a collection of pertinent readings, published and unpublished, in local or foreign settings. It tends to specify where the previous study ends and where the current study begins, and the similarities and differences of related researches to the current research. Clinical performance is the capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care – an ability that is necessary nowadays. With an increase shortage of qualified nurses in the health care workforce, as consequence of this, there had been several significant government nquiries into issues associated with the recruitment and retention of nurses. Hass (2004) stated that it could be reasonably argued that the effort and resources, that are employed to recruit nursing students, has little value when the educative resources and curricula may not be preparing graduates for academic success. He further implied what is required is a mechanism to predict academic and clinical success for nursing students during the course of their studies. In this way, educational resources can be best honed to meet best the needs of the students and the profession/workforce. In response with this problem, lots of effort and preparation have been made to help students in molding their clinical performance. In fact, based on the study of Wiliam (2008), he affirmed that in order for the students to be well prepared, it is must for them to participate in a formal education program, either at an associate’s degree or bachelor’s degree level. Moreover, formal education includes course work in areas such as pathophysiology, chemistry, psychology, nutrition and anatomy. An appropriate background in clinical knowledge and theory will help prepare nursing student for competent clinical performance. This was supported by Kernel (2010), when he asserted that the first year and second year baccalaureate and associate degree students completed a portion of their clinical experience in a Regional Simulation Center, supported through a partnership of both nursing programs and a regional medical center. Students had an opportunity to respond to the evidence – based patient scenarios programmed into the patient simulators. The goal of these clinical assignments was to encourage the critical thinking skills of the various levels of students, as well as develop appropriate psycho – motor patient care skills. With all the knowledge that they had been acquired from previous curriculum, students must be put into scenario wherein they can develop critical thinking like emergency room or operating rooms – for pressures more likely to occur. Evans et. al. ,(2010) stated that all nursing education programs have a clinical component, in which student are supervised by clinicians in clinical setting, such as a hospital, a clinic home care or long – term care. Most education programs prescribed a number of hours of clinical work that nursing students are required to complete, with learning objectives specific to the nursing student’s level of learning. A preceptor is responsible for ensuring that nursing students receive the clinical experiences necessary to meet the learning objectives and also for providing feedback to the nursing student. Michael Pfiel (2010), exemplified that operating rooms are considered to be special in any hospital setting. Extra precautions are needed. The practice of the principles of sterile technique is strictly implemented such as proper gloving and gowning in order to ensure not only the client’s safety but also the health care practitioners. Instrument used in procedures done in these area are also mastered by the student to assure the proper handling. One of the duties of the competent nursing student is to be able to perform proper nursing intervention during and after the procedure to ensure the patient’s fast recovery and prevent further complications. The competency of each nursing student is not only measured academically but also in hospital – setting experiences. Nursing school facilities and Dean’s efforts are not effective without help of the student. In order for the administration to capture students’ interest, they must first provide a basic knowledge in regards with the objective, as well as scope of nursing. The primary objective of measuring clinical performance in nursing education is to ensure students can provide safe care. Core competencies are evaluated in a real – world setting, usually alongside a licensed nurse who serves as a guide and a mentor. The development of critical – thinking skills is one of the most important learning objectives of clinical performance. In applying the acquired knowledge coming from nursing curriculum, students may possibly enhance their skill and competitiveness. It is important for an evidenced – based practice. To determine the clinical performance of students, they must be measured through lots of way. Truly that, to better attest the student’s learning in regards with these certain topics, they are allow to apply their knowledge into practice, however, assurance is not well imposed – for insufficiency in acquired insights has been empirically observed through passing years. Most of research attributed failures of students to insufficient support coming from the Nursing Administration or education. Professors tend to provide less strategy to elevate the learning of their students. Rogers (2010) supported this as he stated that most of us in the field of education will admit that learning is not limited to classroom, and it is possible for learner’s to â€Å"learn† something different than what was intended in the classroom. Very often, instructors have to spend inordinate amounts of time trying to design curriculum and presentation techniques to frustrate those students who wish to only learn the path of least resistance through a course. This learned behavior by students, though, is at least partially a result of a curriculum design that focuses on memorization (imitation/repetition) as the dominant method of assessment. It is an environment where students are judged their ability to imitate. However, it contrast on the study of Pitman et al. (2011) when the result revealed that there was invariant relationship between educational achievement and clinical performance. They concluded that students who did well academically in semester 4 (NCM 105) tended to rate themselves as needing more supervision in order to show clinical competence. While students who did not perform as well in semester 4 rated themselves as needing less supervision clinically. Although, schools contributes to the failure of students, the blame must not be place directly to them because there are lots of factor that precipitate a student to focus less on their education. Some declares that gender is one of these factors, for the behavior of an individual depends on their environment and how they are willing to be affected by this problem. American Society of Registered Nurses when they affirmed that nursing student relate new knowledge directly of their areas of work and such relevance to practice helps motivate them to learn more about the subject, thereby increase their self confidence and developing problem solving and decision – making skills. Moreover, gender is associated with differences in attitudes within the operating room. They further added that according to the latest statistics, male student represents just a small fraction of the nursing workforce. The popular notion that the nursing is not for men and admission capacity constraints of nursing schools seem to be major obstacles towards bringing men to the profession. Based on Jeffreys (2003), he stated that some factors may also affect why male nursing students got a lower grade compare to female nursing students in the operating room. Moreover, to consider the maturity level of both, the female take the activity seriously and maturely compare to male. Most male nursing students take the rotation as nothing or they are physically present but mentally absent. Furthermore, there are also some factors that we are going to consider as well, when requirements needed. They may be good during assisting in the operation but when it comes to the quiz and as well as the requirements, the male nursing students do not take it seriously. It was supported by the study of Blackman et al. (2004), when they used the achievement in the clinical assessments in nursing and in particular using the OSCE assessment format, and found out that female students achieve at a level significantly higher than males in certain specific medical assessment. In order for the students to resolve their interpersonal dilemma, they must be first aware on their attitude towards prioritization. When a student had already made some personal changes, it is now the time that professors as well as administration must provide great support. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework The study was anchored on the Benner’s Novice to Expert Model. In the landmark work From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice, Dr. Patricia Benner introduced the concept that student nurses has competency and understanding of patient care over time through a sound educational base as well as a multitude of experiences. She proposed that one could gain knowledge and skills (â€Å"knowing how†) without ever learning the theory (â€Å"knowing that†). Applying this in the context of the study, student nurses as a beginner needs to be educated. It is a must for them to master every lesson related to their future practices. Schools and professors on the other hand must be the one who assess and maintain their competency level. Along with students, they should be the one who are able to bridge the gap between nursing education and nursing services. But obviously, students themselves must know how to be proficient in an independent manner. Behavior is important regardless of a social norm evolving in gender. As time goes by, if students gain an enormous amount of knowledge, they will be able to provide an evidenced – based practice but with an aid of a books or a supervisor. With eagerness to be competent, they’ll do everything to be educated through advance practice and lots of experience, thus making them an expert one. However, it is a must to remember that learning is not only important during the study process; it is needed throughout the life of a nurse. Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. Illustrated is the independent variable which is the clinical performance in the operating room along with moderator variables, the male and female nursing students. The researchers provided a connection between the variables understudied to point out as to whether the moderator variables differ significantly in relation to their clinical performance in the operating room. This was designed to guide the researchers throughout process of study. Moderator Variables Independent Variable Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the Study Significance of the Study This section emphasized the significant contributions of the research study to its targeted population, to the different sectors in nursing education and nursing service and its implication to future researches in nursing. To the Nursing Administrators, the findings of the study serves as an additional insights about clinical performance of nursing students knowing that they had a dilemma in producing competitive students clinically, may this be given priority in planning and implementing policy and guidelines. To nursing Students, being aware of their status will make them develop ways on how to improve their skills as well as their knowledge. Knowing the level of their clinical performance students can help evaluate themselves as well as their learning and to find some effective strategies to study harder to improve their performance. To Future Researchers, the findings of the study will provide future researchers information which could be relevant for future research studies.. Definition of Terms This portion facilitates further understanding of study by defining the terms according to their operational use. Clinical Performance in the Operating Room. This refers to the demonstration of the different nursing procedures in the special area particularly in the operating room, by which cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills were incorporated as reflected in their progress reports graded by their respective clinical instructors. Male and Female Nursing Students. They refer to the subjects of the study who were the B. S. in Nursing students, male and female, enrolled in the NCM 105 concept during the first 1st semester of school 2011 2012. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY This chapter includes the research, the research subjects, the instruments, the data gathering procedure and the statistical tools used in the study. Research Design The researchers utilized the descriptive comparative design. The researchers tried to compare two variables with a view to discover something about one or all of the being compared. Applying this in the context of study on the Clinical Performance of NCM 105 Male and Female Nursing Students in the Operating Room, the researchers determined the level of performance of male and female nursing students and whether a significant difference existed between the two. Research Subjects The subjects of the study were the fourth year nursing students of John Paul ll College of Davao, enrolled in NCM 105 concept during the 1st semester of school year 2011-2012. In choosing sample subjects, the proponents utilized non – probability sampling, the quota sampling wherein 40 students were taken, 20 male and 20 female nursing students.

Andy Warhol Essay Fame Example For Students

Andy Warhol Essay Fame Never before have I encountered more intriguing works of art than those done by Andy Warhol. I have been curious about his life ever since I saw his work in Milwaukee. I saw his famous work of the Campbells Soup Can. By viewing this, one can tell he is not your average artist. Im sure his life is full of interesting events that shaped him into who he was. As an artist myself, I would like to get to know the background of his life. I may then be able to appreciate his styles and understand why and how his works were created. His life is as interesting as his artistic masterpieces. Andrew Warhola his original name was born one of three sons of Czech immigrants, somewhere in Pennsylvania on either August 6, 1928 or on September 28, 1930 the date on his birth certificate. His father died when Andy was at a very young age. Thus, it forced Andy into a deep depression containing lack of self confidence. Much of his young life has been kept secret. However, he did report being very shy and depressed because he never felt comfortable with his homosexuality. His childhood life may have been full of the torture that children threw at him for being the different person he was. He was able to attend college. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in pictorial design from Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949, he went to New York City with Philip Pearlstein, who was a fellow student that later became a well-known realist painter. In 1960, Warhol finally began to paint in earnest and to view art seriously as a career. He began his career with commercial drawings of womens shoes. In 1961, an early manifestation was his Dick Tracy, an enlarged version of the comic strip that was placed in the window of Lord Taylors department store. He followed in his own footsteps to keep going in the ever-so-famous pop art track. Warhols use of images are so close to the images themselves, thanks to the photographic silkscreen technique, which is a process of applying the same image over and over again without changing the original. In 1963, he began turning film into his next aesthetic. He was the recorder of the world around him. Warhol saw this world as populated by hustlers of various sorts, motivated largely by money and the goods it would buy. Later that next year, he started to experiment in underground film. In the late 70s he began to use sex and nudity to gain attention in his films. Whether this was moral or not; it did, however, work. The rest of his short life was spent visiting with celebrities and keeping up with the worlds times. He tried to understand how the rest of the world saw things, but just never got there. Sadly, Warhol died of a heart failure on March 9, 1987, still wearing his famous blond hair wig. Andys diaries arenot actual written records of his day to day accounts, but they are audio recordings of his phone conversations to Pat Hackett every Monday through Friday from Wednesday, November 24, 1976 to Tuesday, February 17, 1987, just weeks before his death. Warhol originally intended these daily records to be documentation of his minor business expenses. He was just audited and felt the need to be extra careful. In a word it was a diary. But whatever its broader objective, its narrow one, to satisfy tax auditors, was always on my mind Warhol xvi. Later on, he felt the diaries were a great way to explain his everyday occurrences for more than a decade of his life. This view of his life from his eyes is probably the most balanced view ever given. He may have changed since the 60s, but it is still the truest representation of Andy, himself. Vincent Van Gogh Life and Paintings EssayHe did this so he could shrink away from human touch Moritz 591. A man who started his life shy and uncomfortable, blossomed into an outspoken artist, now finished his life with feelings even worse than the beginning of his life. After extensive research I found that Andy had much more to his life than I had originally expected. He was involved in the classic rock band The Velvet Underground, with famous singer Lou Reed. He actually even designed a few of the album covers. Most people remember the self-entitled album with the picture of a banana on it. Directly to the left of the banana read the words peel me. If one would peel it, it would reveal the pink insides of a banana. Truly a work of Andy, I must say. Another thing I found was that Andy was not only homosexual, but he was omnisexual. It was rumored he had no problem with sex with anyone or anything. Men, women, animals, you name it, it was probably thought of. And last of all I found he was unusually kind and appreciative to others, especially the ones who worked for him. Pat Hackett, his editor, once said that she has never met a person who says thank you as much as Andy does. Not once have I been more informed on a persons life. In the beginning I thought I knew a lot about. This research on Andy Warhol definitely reinforced my positive view of him. It may have possibly enhanced my appreciation for him as well. I enjoyed the honesty of the entire diary. Nothing was hidden from the reader and I felt as informed as a good friend of his would feel. His life is an interesting one and I believe more people should try to investigate other lives of the unusual. It expands your own viewpoints to accept those of others. Many critics have different viewpoints on Warhols autobiography. He was still appreciated by those who understood his ideas. But he had to have had some sense of history, or he wouldnt have left the diaries behind to try to explain everything to future generations Plagens 1732. Some realize that the diaries are rather boring, but seem to see the true Andy come through in the entries. Despite their virtuoso triviality, their naive snobbery and their incredible length, the diaries are not without a certain charm Amis 1732. Others saw the diaries as a simplistic record of events. His diaries are more or less just records of who went where and did what with whom, that anybody else whod been along could have kept Plagens 1732. Its too bad he didnt start the diaries earlier in his life, such as the 60s, when it would have been more interesting to know what he did and whom he was with, instead of waiting until 1976 to begin Plagens 1732. Some even complained of the editing job done by Pat Hackett. One problem with the diaries is their postmodern polish, such as the casual proofreading and editing Trebay 1732. The reason the editor didnt fit up to par was the mere fact she wanted it to sound how Andy explained the day. still the book is great social history with its lip-smacking tales of loveless, sexless marriages, its gimlet-eyed view of other peoples success, and its rampant unclosetings Trebay 1732. I, myself, found the book very entertaining and a great nonchalant look at the famous and their everyday lives. It may have been organized better and condensed a bit, but none-the-less it was still interesting and kept me reading.